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In reviewing web hosting plans, many web site owners are faced at some point with the decision of whether or not to pay for a dedicated server. A dedicated server is one which holds your site(s) exclusively. It’s not shared with other sites. You then have the option to put one site or many on that piece of hardware.

But the decision is never easy. There are multiple considerations to take into account, far beyond just the higher dollar outlay that inevitably accompanies a dedicated server option.

Performance is (or should be) a prime consideration for the majority of site owners. Studies show that when a page doesn’t load within about 10 seconds or less, almost everyone will give up and go elsewhere. The delay may be caused at any of a hundred different points in the chain between the server and the user. But often, it’s the server itself.

In any case, it’s important to eliminate the server as a possible bottleneck, since it’s one of the few points over which the site owner can exercise some control.

That need for control extends further than just performance, however. Other aspects of the user experience can benefit or suffer from server behavior. Security is a prime example. With the continuing prevalence of spam and viruses, a server can easily get infected. Having only your site(s) on a single server makes that issue much easier to deal with.

With fewer sites on a server, there is less likelihood of getting infected in the first place. Also, since you will place a higher value on security than many others, it’s easier to keep a dedicated server clean and your site well protected. You can use best practices in security to fortify your site. Having other sites on the server that you don’t control raises the odds that your efforts are for nothing.

One way your efforts can get watered down is through IP address sharing. Less sophisticated hosting services will often assign a single IP address to a single server and multipe sites. That means your site is sharing the same IP address with other domains. That leaves you vulnerable in several ways.

Virus or spam attacks may target a particular IP address. If you have the same one as another site, one that is more likely to attract hostile intentions, you suffer for and with someone else.

In other cases an IP address range is assigned to the server, with each site receiving its own address from within that range. Though better than the one IP:server scenario, this still presents a vulnerability. Many attacks try a range of IP addresses, not just a single one.

But even legitimate sources can give you trouble when you share an IP address or a range. If another site engages in behavior that gets it banned, you can suffer the same fate if they ban the address or range. If the miscreant that shares your server/IP address or range is himself a spammer for example, and gets blacklisted, you can inadvertently be banned along with him. Using a dedicated server can overcome that problem.

There’s a certain comfort level in knowing what is installed on the server you use, and knowing that you alone put it there. But a dedicated server option may require increased administration on your part. If you’re not prepared to deal with that, you may have to pay still more to have your dedicated server managed by someone else.

All these factors have to be weighed carefully when considering a dedicated server plan.

New domain names are registered all the time, and ones previously registered expired. Sometimes that’s the result of simple neglect. The owner of the name chose not to renew his or her ownership, so the name became available for someone else to use. In rare cases, a highly original mind managed to think of a new one. In the other common scenarios, someone chose to just let it go or sell it.
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Among the more useful innovations in computing, actually invented decades ago, are the twin ideas of redundancy and failover. These fancy words name very common sense concepts. When one computer (or part) fails, switch to another. Doing that seamlessly and quickly versus slowly with disruption defines one difference between good hosting and bad.
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Two key performance metrics will impact every web site owner sooner or later: bandwidth and server load.

Bandwidth is the amount of network capacity available, and the term actually covers two different aspects. ”Bandwidth” can mean the measure of network capacity for web traffic back and forth at a given time. Or, it sometimes is used to mean the amount that is allowed for some interval, such as one month. Both are important.

As files are transferred, emails sent and received, and web pages accessed, network bandwidth is being used. If you want to send water through a pipe, you have to have a pipe. Those pipes can vary in size and the amount of water going through them at any time can also vary.

Total monthly bandwidth is a cap that hosting companies place on sites in order to share fairly a limited resource. Companies monitor sites in order to keep one site from accidentally or deliberately consuming all the network capacity. Similar considerations apply to instantaneous bandwidth, though companies usually have such large network ”pipes” that it’’s much less common for heavy use by one user to be a problem.

Server load is a more generic concept.

It often refers, in more technical discussions, solely to CPU utilization. The CPU (central processing unit) is the component in a computer that processes instructions from programs, ordering memory to be used a certain way, moving files from one place to the next and more.

Every function you perform consumes some CPU and its role is so central (hence the name) that it has come to be used as a synonym for the computer itself. People point to their case and say ”That is the CPU”. But, the computer actually has memory, disk drive(s) and several other features required in order to do its job.

Server load refers, in more general circumstances, to the amount of use of each of those other components in total.

Disk drives can be busy fetching files which they do in pieces, which are then assembled in memory and presented on the monitor, all controlled by instructions managed by the CPU.

Memory capacity is limited. It’’s often the case that not all programs can use as much as they need at the same time. Special operating system routines control who gets how much, when and for how long, sharing the total ”pool” among competing processes.

So, how ”loaded” the server is at any given time or over time is a matter of how heavily used any one, or all, of these components are.

Why should you care?

Because every web site owner will want to understand why a server becomes slow or unresponsive, and be able to optimize their use of it.

When you share a server with other sites, which is extremely common, the traffic other sites receive creates load on the server that can affect your site. There’’s a limited amount you can do to influence that situation. But if you”re aware of it, you can request the company move you to a less heavily loaded server. Or, if the other site -which you generally have no visibility to- is misbehaving, it’’s possible to get them moved or banned.

But when you have a dedicated server, you have much more control over load issues. You can optimize your own site’’s HTML pages and programs, tune a database and carry out other activities that maximize throughput. Your users will see that as quicker page accesses and a more enjoyable user experience.

An operating system functions largely out of sight, or at least is supposed to. It doesn”t matter to non-geeks how a file gets stored, or how memory is used, or how simultaneous processes share the limited resources available on a computer. These are among the basic functions of any operating system.

Yet, you can find very passionate supporters - who offer very detailed lists of pros and cons - for every operating system. Why? Because, though the low-level functions of an operating system do their work out of sight, there are many other features that rise to visibility. Sometimes, they do so when they”re not supposed to.

Weighing the pros and cons objectively could consume a book. But to select a web host operating system, a manageable level of considerations apply. They can be weighed even by those who don”t know a processor queue from a pool cue.

Learning Curves

For most web site owners, administering the site/server is just overhead. It’’s not something they take pleasure in doing and they have plenty of other things to worry about. Many wouldn”t know how and have no interest in learning (rightly so, given their priorities). Consequently, ease of administration is paramount for such people.

Whether a Unix-based site (usually Linux these days) is easier to administer than Windows depends on your current skill set and the type of tools and level of access the web hosting company provides. But in general Linux is more difficult to install and maintain than Windows and the learning curve is steeper.

FTP and Control Panels

Often, you don”t have to care. For many, the operating system is fairly transparent. FTP file transfers to get a new web page up to a Windows server are very much like they are to a Linux-based site. The user/administrator simply doesn’t see what’’s behind the curtain.

Many companies provide other utilities that completely mask any awareness of the operating system underneath. When that’’s the case, the web site owner has no reason to care, until or unless they need or want to go ”inside the black box”.

Performance

Performance issues can be relevant in selecting which operating system host type to choose. But for the most part, that aspect is outside the web site owner’’s control. Overall performance can be good or bad on either system, depending on many factors that the publisher will rarely see. The issue is a wash, as far as tipping the scales is concerned.

What is more likely to be seen by a web site owner, at some point in their (and their site’’s) development is the database product that can be used to store information.

Databases

Microsoft SQL Server is relatively simple to use, yet extremely powerful and can deliver great performance. But it doesn”t run on Linux. At least, not without special software to emulate Windows, which usually kills performance. On the other hand, with a bit of time invested, MySQL isn”t significantly more difficult to learn than MS SQL Server and there are many free installations. Cost may well outweigh other considerations for most on this issue.

Programming Languages

Last, but not least, there are differences in programming languages that can be (or at least typically are) used on Windows vs Unix. If you have programmers who are skilled in Visual Basic, ASP and other Microsoft technologies, then a Windows-based host will be your preferred choice. For Perl and PHP programmers, Linux is the more common platform of choice.

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Everyone likes to get something for free. But as the existence of spam shows, free isn”t always good. Sometimes, it’’s downright harmful. Deciding whether it’’s worth the cost to pay for hosting involves a number of complex considerations.

Hosting companies that offer free services obviously can”t stay in business from the money they make from you, since there isn”t any. So why do they offer free hosting and how do they make money? Why should you care, so long as you get yours? Because, in reality, there’’s a price of some kind for everything, even something that’’s free.

Free hosting may come from a company doing a promotion to attract business. They expect to demonstrate their value, then charge an existing customer base fees to make up for what they lost by the (short term) offer. It’’s in essence a form of advertising.

But free hosting is offered by lots of companies that are not dedicated to managing servers for websites. Google, Yahoo and thousands of others provide a modest amount of disk space and a domain name on a server for free. Users are free to do anything they like with it, though if the load becomes excessive you can be shut down.

That introduces one of the more obvious drawbacks to free hosting: resource limitations.

Typically free hosting offers a relatively small amount of space. That’’s often enough to host a few dozen pages. But an active site can quickly run out of room.

A more serious limitation is load.

Free hosting often places strict limitations on the allowed amount of bandwidth consumed. If you become a well-visited site, when users start banging away on the server, you can be asked to leave or simply be blocked for the rest of the month. Or, you may be permitted a certain quantity of total bandwidth use per month. Once it’’s reached, no one else can reach your site until the beginning of a new month.

At the same time, you will certainly be sharing equipment with thousands of other sites. Their load can affect your performance, prompting you to move. Migrating an established site brings with it a number of thorny issues that might be better avoided in the first place.

Free hosting has another potential downside: lack of support. When you pay for hosting you typically get, at least in theory, a certain level of support. Backups in case of disaster recovery from a hack or server failure, assistance in analyzing connection problems… the variety is endless. With free hosting you usually get none of that.

A company or site that offers free hosting will usually recover a disk or server that fails completely and you”ll be back up when they do. But if only selected portions of the drive fail, or you lose a few files through a virus attack or accidental deletion, you have to rely on backups to recover. A free service will usually come with no such option.

That may not be a problem if you have a small site. You can make copies of everything at another location and simply recover the site yourself - if you have the discipline to keep it current and the skills to make and restore the copy.

Free hosting will typically come with a few email addresses, intended to be used for administration and other tasks. But if your needs grow beyond that, you”ll need to seek another option. The email service also comes with minimal oversight. The server may be protected against spam attacks and provide virus scanning. But few free services will provide even minimal help with any issues that arise.

But the most serious limitation may have nothing to do with any technical issues. Free hosting services often require that your site’’s pages carry some form of advertising that pays the host, not you. That may be fine for you, or it may not. Individual circumstances vary.

On the other hand, if you”re just starting out, a free hosting option can be a great way to learn needed skills and a few of the potential pitfalls. You can set up a site, learn how to maintain and improve it, and not care too much if it gets hacked. Freely hosted sites can be a great platform for learning the ropes.

Free services don”t usually offer any of the features that an active, commercial site will need sooner or later. So if you plan to grow, it may be reasonable to get the free service for a while, knowing you”ll have to migrate when you become popular. But in the long run, you get what you pay for and you may need to pay for what you want.

Companies that offer Internet-connected servers that provide space and bandwidth for a domain, for one or more web sites, are called Web Hosts. Large companies have private networks that allow them to host domains on their own equipment and IP address range. But for the majority of those who want an Internet presence, a ”rented” web host is a necessity.

There are a wide variety of hosting plans available. Some are free, others charge up to a $100 or more per month. Some provide nothing but a tiny amount of disk space and minimal network bandwidth. The web site owner is on his or her own for any thing else. Others offer a range of services, including server and email administration, backups, web site design assistance, troubleshooting and many others.

In the world of web hosting, you may often find yourself sharing a server with anywhere from one to a thousand or more other web sites. That allows the web hosting company to keep equipment and staff expenses lower. Many web sites are simple and low-volume enough that the arrangement works fine. When you or one or more of the others grow, it may be helpful to consider a dedicated server.

A dedicated server, as the name suggests, hosts only your domain. You can put one web site on it, or as many as you wish. You control the access. You may also, as an option, take over much of the server administration yourself. That may save you money on support costs, but cost you considerable time. If you don”t have the expertise, you can end up costing yourself much more than you save.

In order to carry out those administrative functions yourself, even if you hire help, it’’s desirable to have some technical knowledge under your belt. Some of that knowledge will be useful, even for day-to-day tasks apart from dealing with emergencies. FTP, email administration, backup methods and other technical areas are among the more common areas you”ll need to be at least somewhat familiar with.

When your web site grows to a certain size and level of complexity, you”ll begin to find it worthwhile to look at implementing a database. But that brings with it a still higher level of ability, both technical and logistical or creative.

Implementing a database can be relatively simple. Designing one that provides what you want, with decent performance and maintenance that doesn”t become a nightmare, will take some careful thought. Not everyone has the temperament for that type of work, especially those who prefer graphical design, content creation or development, and the many other web site tasks that are part of every implementation.

There are other, more low level administrative matters. Managing disk space, maintaining domain names, dealing with registration and changes, and a number of other ”utilitarian” tasks are also not everyone’’s cup of tea. Some understanding of how DNS works, as well as the design of the Internet itself, are helpful. That provides a good context for understanding the role of some of those tasks.

When you begin to seek out a web host to implement a web site, consider all these factors and look in the mirror. What kind of web hosting you should pursue is determined by a combination of who you are and what’’s being offered. Look before you leap.